A band of five successful farmers are orchestrating a comeback for the king of spices.

What’s the best way to encourage farmers to adopt modern agricultural practices? Demonstrate success. For them, seeing is believing. That’s exactly what five very successful black pepper farmers have done in Mudigere town in Chikmagalur, Karnataka. In 2013, after being adjudged as the best pepper farmer in the country by International Pepper Community, K R Keshav along with four like-minded individuals started Black Gold League, a non-profit extension service with the sole aim of reversing dwindling pepper productivity.

From time immemorial, the Western Ghats in Malabar was the only source for pepper. India ruled to roost up until the ‘50s with 80 percent market share and then slowly lost its vines to foot rot caused by a fungus Phytophthora. Today, pepper production in Kerala is a pale shadow of itself. Two decades back, Kerala accounted for 95 percent of domestic production with Karnataka contributing about two percent and the rest came from Tamil Nadu, Andaman and Maharashtra. Yields never exceeded 280kilos per hectare. 

Pepper is a vine that trails on a support, or standards. In India, it is normally grown as an intercrop in plantations using live standards such as silky oak, jackfruit, gliricidia, Indian coral and many others trees that allow vine to climb easily. The pepper is also grown as intercrop in coconut and arecanut farms.

But in South East Asia, especially in Vietnam, massive expansion of pepper growing acreage was achieved by using dead wood as standards. Up to 2500 wooden logs with 2-3 vines stapled on to each standard are planted in a hectare. This intense mono cropping allowed Vietnam to rapidly ascend as the largest grower in the world as productivity per hectare increased manifolds to 7,500 kilos. As wooden logs became expensive, some farmers in Vietnam and Cambodia have even tried trailing vines on concrete poles and brick columns but with very limited success. The intense monocropping has its disadvantages. Pepper is a shade loving crop and prolonged exposure to direct sunlight results in physiological disorders and diseases spread quickly in monocropped farms. 

Not to be left behind, some farmers like Mr. Keshav have achieved yields comparable to Vietnam by perfecting soil nutrient management, shade regulation and preventive measures to keep diseases at bay.

For coffee planters in Chikmagalur, who have been harassed by the white stem borer for decades, the Black Gold League training programme has been a savior. The meticulously designed programme, covers the entire gamut of black pepper production cycle—from nursery management to packaging hygiene. Apart from emphasis on ecofriendly practices, it also includes field visits and live demonstrations from scientists. This has made the programme wildly popular as more farmers have begun recording better yields by following the recommended methods. While dried pepper is traded in kilos, the quality is determined by its density i.e. gram per liter weight. The bulk density can vary between 300g/l to 600g/l. For every 10-gram increase in density, the quoted price goes up by a percent. The domestic price for bold grade is hovering around Rs.720 per kilo.

The six-year bull run in price has also made it easier for farmers to invest in technologies to improve productivity. Some are sending soil and leaves for testing twice a year to manage plant nutrients at an optimal level. The cost of analyzing a single leaf petiole is about Rs.6,500 and Rs. 900 for a soil sample. It is with these precision-farming techniques, Karnataka is beginning to cement its position as the top producer in the country and Chikmagalur has already displaced Kerala’s Idukki as the capital of Indian black pepper. 

The farmer-to-farmer knowledge transfer network now has set bigger ambitions. They want to promote high quality shade grown Indian pepper to the global community and highlight the flora and fauna that live together with the vines. The first global Black Gold League conference is scheduled in early June at Chikmagalur. 

Vietnam farmers too are realizing the hidden costs of short-term focus. Many consignments have been rejected due to high pesticide residues and long dry spell this year is set to drastically cut production and increase disease incidences. 

“In the long run, only shade grown pepper is sustainable. Chopping trees and using them as dead standards is counterproductive and unsustainable. We want to showcase to the world that high productivity can be achieved without disturbing the ecological balance of nature,” said Mohan G Alvares, co-founder and director of Black Gold League.

Aruna Urs farms in his village in Mysuru, Karnataka. He was co-founder and CEO of a database management company in Mysuru. Prior to that, he worked as an adviser to the government of Timor-Leste (East Timor).

Aruna blogs about farming, rural & agri economy on his blog, Rural Dispatch, a part of Business Standard’s platform, Punditry.

source: http://www.business-standard.com / Business Standard / Home> Opinion> Specials / by Aruna Urs / November 30th, 2015